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soklan 1 & 2 (plastic)

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soklan 5&6 ( glass)

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Specialty glass types

Low-Iron Glass

• low iron glass is manufactured for exceptional clarity . The characteristic greenish tint commonly seen on the edge of standard glass in eliminated by the reduction of the content of the glass to 10 percent.
• low iron glass can be heat-strengthened, tempered, sandblasted, etched or assembled into laminated glass.
•Low iron glass is used in area where color rendition is critical and for furniture , mirrors, museum display cases, signage and where glass to be back-coated with light-colored pigments.

Textured Glass
•Textured pattern glass also known as rolled or figured glass.it is made by passing molted glass through rollers that are etched to produced the design.
•Usually only one side of the glass is imprinted with a pattern.
•Pattern glass can be silvered, sandblasted or have applied colored coatings.


Formed glass

Cast glass
•Cast glass is made by heating flat glass to high temperature over a custom mold so that it slumps into the mold and takes on its shape.
•Cast glass also known as molded glass, is formed in molds, using combination of colors and textured to form the desired product. 






Fused glass
•Multiple-layer glass units are formed by fusing compatible glass together under controlled heating.
•Various glass colors, textures and compatible three dimensional material such as wire, s/steel and cooper screen can be incorporated into the fused unit.
•Fused glass is typically used for furniture and decorative accents, glass borders, panels and other interior elements.








Slumped glass
•Glass slumping is bending or slumping glass into or over a mold. To achieve this, you must take your glass through a few heating and cooling phases.
•slumped glass is typically used for wall panels and signage.





Bent glass
• a precise, strict tolerance form of slumped glass is known as bent glass.
•Bent glass is typically used for wall panels and furniture

GLASS

What is Glass?

• Glass is a hard material normally fragile and transparent common in our daily life. It is composed mainly of sand (silicates, SiO2) and an alkali.
• These materials at high temperature (i.e. molten viscous state) fuse together; then they are cooled rapidly forming a rigid structure.
• Glass is used for architecture application, illumination, electrical transmission, instruments for scientific research, optical instruments, domestic tools and even textiles.

Characteristic of glass 
 
• Solid and hard material
• Disordered and amorphous structure
• Fragile and easily breakable into sharp pieces
• Transparent to visible light
• Inert and biologically inactive material.
• Glass is 100% recyclable and one of the safest packaging materials due to its composition and properties


Float glass

• Float glass is produced by floating a continuous stream of molten glass onto a bath of molten tin. The molten glass spreads onto the surface of the metal and produces a high quality, consistently level sheet of glass that is later heat polished.
• The glass has no wave or distortion and is now the standard method for glass production and over 90% of the world production of flat glass is float glass.
• Float glass can be cut using a glass cutter and no special equipment is necessary.
• Float glass is suitable for fixed and opening windows above waist height.




Strengthened glass

Fully Tempered Glass  

• Fully tempered glass is produced by heating float glass and then suddenly cooling it with special blower. 
• Tempered glass is four to five times stronger than standard glass and does not break into sharp shards when it fails.  
• Cutting and drilling fully tempered glass will destroy the integrity of the skin’s compressive strength and will likely cause breakage, therefore fully tempered glass cannot be field-cut. 
• Fully tempered glass must be fabricated with the required holes or cutouts. It is available in thicknesses from 3 to 25mm.

Heat - Strengthened glass  

• Heat Strengthened glass manufacturing process is similar to that of fully tempered except that the glass is on partially tempered. 
• Heat Strengthened glass is not a fire-rated glass product.  
• The color, clarity, chemical composition and light transmission characteristics of glass remain unchanged after heat strengthening. 
• Heat Strengthened glass tends to break into large fragments, similar to annealed glass. 
• Heat Strengthened glass can not be used in hazardous locations as defined by law or building code, or where human impact is a concern. 
• Heat strengthened glass can not be cut or drilled, sandblasted or etched, or edge polished or ground. Any fabrication or field alteration will weaken or break the glass. 
• When tempered glass breaks, the resulting small pieces tend to vacate the framing system under lateral load.

Laminated glass

• Laminated glass consists of two or more pieces of float glass bonded together with a clear layer of PVB (polyvinyl butyral). 
• The process combines heat and pressure to bond the layers together into one. 
• This product is favored for protection in high security areas for its retention in the frame when broken and for its sound reduction quality when combined with different thickness of glass. 
• When subjected to stress, laminated glass ruptures with a pattern similar to annealed glass with large shards, however the PVB inner layer holds the shards together. 
• Annealed, fully tempered, heat-strengthened and wire glass types can be laminated.

Advantages Laminated glass
• Security
The standard two-ply construction provides resistance to penetration when subjected to attempted force entry. In multi-ply configurations, laminated glass can even resist bullets, heavy objects, or small explosions.

• Sound Control
The shear damping performance of the PVB makes laminated glass an effective sound control product.

• Solar Energy Performance
The PVB in laminated glass helps reduce solar energy transmittance to reduce cooling loads

• Ultraviolet Screening
The ultraviolet (UV) filtering performance of the plastic interlayer helps protect valuable furnishings, displays or merchandise from the fading effects of UV radiation.

Wire Glass

• Wire glass has wire mesh or parallel wires rolled into the center of the glass sheet, it s available in various pattern sizes such as clear wire square mesh, clear wire diamond mesh and hammered wire diamond mesh.
• If breakage occurs, the wire helps to hold the glass fragments in the opening, thus preventing personal injuries.
• This the standard glass type used for fire-rated doors or partition assemblies.

Tinted glass

• Tinted glass refers to any glass that has been treated with a material such as a film or coating, which reduces the transmission of light through it.
• The tint in the standard production of float glass adds glare reduction and a heat reducing feature to the window.
• The standard tints available are green/blue, gray and bronze.
• Most laminated glass such as heated glass and fire-rated glass is available in a larger selection of tints.
• This glass type offers the maximum UV protection.


Low-Emissivity Glass

• Emissivity refers to the ability of a surface to absorb or reflect heat. An energy efficient glazing technology, Low Emissivity glass is a poor absorber of heat. 
• Low-emissivity glass (Low-E) was developed to address energy efficiency concerns for glazing. 
• Hard or soft coating are applied to the glass based on application type. 
• Low-E coatings provide more reflectivity for the shortwave solar energy that strikes the glass at a high angle of incidence during the summer , while permitting this warmth to enter during the winter when the angle of incidence is lower.  
• Low-E coatings are applied to side 2 on the first pane of glass in a double-glazed unit. The overall light transmission rate is higher than in tinted and reflective glass type 

clear glas

Low-E

What is Fiberglass?

Fiberglass, (also called fibreglass and glass fibre), is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass.Fiberglass is lightweight, corrosion resistant, economical, easily processed, has good mechanical properties, and has over 50 years of history. It is the dominant material in industries such as boat building and corrosion equipment, and it plays a major role in industries such as architectural, automotive, medical, recreational, and industrial equipment.


properties of fiberglass

• lightweight 
• corrosion resistant 
• economical
• easily processed
• has good mechanical properties

advantages of fiber glass

• corrosion resistant
• low volume production
• very large parts, contoured or rounded parts and parts needing high specific strength  

Types of metal composite

• Aluminum Matrix
• Copper Matrix
• Magnesium Matrix
• Titanium Matrix
• Super Alloy Matrix

advantages of metal composite material compared to monolithic metals

• Higher temperature capability
• Higher electrical and thermal conductivities
• Better fire resistance
• Better radiation resistance
• Higher traverse stiffness and strength

Laminated Butcher’s Block

Laminated Butcher’s Block

 
Laminated butcher’s block consists of narrow, uniform strips of hardwood that are glued together with the grain parallel, to form a thick, heavy sheet. 

Properties
•Structure of solid hardwood are bonded together under pressure with adhesives to form this distinctive wood product.
•It is available in a wide range of woods, including oak, cherry, maple, beech and walnut.
•Its construction makes it extremely dense, durable and unlikely to warp.
•It is also strongly resistant to abrasion, high temperatures and impact, but can be damage by repeated exposure to steam.

Use and Maintenance
•Butcher’s block can makes attractive tabletops, backsplashes and shelving.
•Damage should be repaired by sanding back, filling and refinishing.
•Oiling gives a natural look, but must be reapplied yearly; varnish for durability.





Strip laminates

Strip laminates

Strip laminating is the process of resawing thick sections of lumber into thin strips and then reassembling them, either flat or clamped into shaped forms, by gluing them together under pressure. 
Strip laminates can be steamed into different shapes using a mold, or made to order by a joiner or furniture-maker and can be used imaginatively to form colored or curved elements for furniture and cabinet making.

Properties
•Strip laminates are easy to make into flexible and strong shapes and are an ideal material for forms that would be brittle or wasteful if cut from solidwood.
•They are also used to vary the color or texture of surfaces by selecting a variety of woods and arranging them in layer.
•Strength and texture are dependent on the species selected.
 
Use and Maintenance
•Strip laminates is usually produced for specific purposes, such as curved sections for furniture or specialist veneers for countertop edges.
•When formed from a variety materials, the attractive end grain can be used as trim(or nosing) for shelves, countertops and paneling.
•Exposed ends will require sanding and sealing to produce a smooth, durable seal.
•Laminated should be sealed on all sides to prolong life and prevent discoloring. 

Melamine- Coated Wood

Melamine- Coated Wood

This material features a decorative, durable plastic layer that is adhered to stable, inexpensive lumber.

Properties
•Melamine is a thermosetting plastic that can have a matte, texture or high-gloss finish.
•It is lightweight, strong in tension and hard and brittle.
•It must be used adhered to a smooth backing substrate such as chipboard or MDF.
•There is a choice of hundreds of colors, patterns, textures and laminate finishes.

Use and Maintenance
•Melamine is usually marketed as a cost-effective material for kitchen or bathroom counters or backsplash.
•Melamine is susceptible to starching and can crack or chip under a hard or sharp impact, but is generally resistant to staining.  


Cork

cork

 
Cork is the tree’s bark, harvested and used in its raw form. It has a unique honeycomb texture and is one of the most versatile and durable of natural wood materials. 

Properties
•Cork has a fine elastic structure of tiny air pockets, making it very lightweight.
•It is resistant to extreme temperatures, molds easily to various shapes and reflects both heat and sound, so it has a high acoustic- and heat- insulation value.
•It is tough and long lasting, but also nontoxic, soft and warm.

Use and Maintenance
•As a flooring, cork is very durable and provides a warm, soft and sanitary surface underfoot and its elastic quality makes it comfortable to stand on for long periods.
•Cork tiles can also be adhered to walls for a paneling effect or to reduce noise and generate a feeling of warmth.



 Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF)

MDF

MDF is medium density fiberboard. It is a cost-effective sheet material made up of fine wood particles bonded to produce a uniform wood product that is easy to work with and that has a smooth surface especially well-suited to paint finishes.

Properties
•Fine wood fibers are pressure and heat-bonded with synthetic resin adhesives into a flat, rigid, knot free sheet.
•MDF can be cut, drilled and filed with hand tools or machine tools, but it blunts tools quickly due to its high glue content.


Use and Maintenance
•MDF is mainly used for frameworks or in cabinets as wall panels and storage units.
•It is available in sheets or moldings, such as baseboard and trim. 




Veneer 

veneer

Veneer are thin layers of wood that can be used decoratively in fine woodworking or attached with adhesive to a backing board to form large sheets.

Properties
•Veneer are formed by turning a log against a lathe to slice off a thin continuous layer.
•This is arranged in consecutive bundles, then spliced together to form uniform sheet 

Use and Maintenance
•Veneer can provide the look of expensive lumber without its cost or limitations.
•It is suitable for fine furniture, doors, closets and shelves.

Chipboard

chipboard

Chipboard or particle board, is a low-cost, basic, rough lumber product made out of wood chips and formed into sheets.

Properties
•Chipboard is manufactured from wood chips that are pressure-bonded together under heat using synthetic resin adhesives.
•Normal-,medium and high- density grades are produced.
•Chipboard is strong in tension and durable against impact.
•It is characterized by a rough surface to the sides and edges.

Use and Maintenance
•All chipboard is suitable for indoor use only.
•This inexpensive material is intended for use as a base for other finishing material; it is prelaminated in melamine for use as postformed kitchen countertops and is frequently veneered and used for ready-to-assemble furniture.

Plywood

Plywood

Plywood is the product of the earliest wood engineering, so can be considered the original lumber sheet material. This material is efficiently produced, so is very inexpensive lumber product.

Properties
•Ply is manufactured from sheets of cross-laminated wood veneer which are pressure bond under heat with waterproof resin adhesive.
•Ply is very strong against impact, lightweight and easy to work with using conventional tools and machines.
•It is also highly stable when exposed to moisture, usually reverting to its original thickness when dry.
•It is rated for internal or external use depending on the veneer, glue or treatment.

Use and Maintenance
•Traditionally, plywood has been used as structural, decking or framing material.
•Ply can be sawed, sanded, drilled, nailed, glued and finished and used for shelving, furniture and paneling.
•Ply should be sealed on all sides to prolong life: use paint, stain or varnish.

COMPOSITE MATERIAL

What is Composite Materials ??  
Composites materials are made by combining two materials where one of the materials is a reinforcement (fiber) and the other material is a matrix (resin). The combination of the fiber and matrix provide characteristics superior to either of the materials alone. Some examples of composite materials are plywood, reinforced concrete, fiberglass & polyester resin, and graphite & epoxy resin.

Wood composite
•Engineered wood, also called composite wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board, includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers of wood, together with adhesives, to form composite materials.
•Typically, engineered wood products are made from the same hardwoods and softwoods used to manufacture lumber.

Advantages of Wood composite
•it can be designed to meet application-specific performance requirements.
•Small pieces of wood, and wood that has defects, can be used in many engineered wood products, especially particle and fiber-based boards
•Most engineered wood products are far more dimensionally stable and resistant to warping than solid lumber. 

Disadvantages of Wood composite
•Some products burn much more quickly than solid lumber. They require more primary energy for their manufacture than solid lumber. The required adhesives may be toxic.
•Cutting and otherwise working with engineered wood products can expose workers to toxic constituents.
•Some engineered wood products are weaker and more prone to humidity-induced warping than equivalent solid woods, and most particle and fiber-based boards readily soak up water unless they are treated with sealant or paint which usually leads to accelerated fungus growth. 

Types of Wood composite
•Plywood
•Chipboard
•Laminated butcher’s block
•Strip laminates
•Melamine-coated wood
•Cork
•MDF
•Veneer
•Hardboard

Thermoplastic:

•Less rigid than thermosets, thermoplastics can soften upon heating and return to their original form.

•They are easily molded and extruded into films, fibers and packaging

•Thermoplastics have a linear or branched molecular structure which determines their strength and thermal behavior; they are flexible at ordinary temperatures.

•The service temperature range for thermoplastics is considerably lower than that for thermosets.

Thermoplastic: Molecular structure

Thermoplastic: General Characteristic and Applications

Polyethylene (PE):

•Range from low impact strength to nearly unbreakable.

•Good clarity to opaque (not clear)

•Service temperatures range from -40˚F to 200˚F.

•Near zero absorption

•Excellent chemical resistance and electrical properties

Low-density PE (LDPE):

•Good toughness with flexibility

•Low-temperature impact resistance

Uses:

•Blow molded containers, toys

•Hot melt adhesives

•Injection molded house wares

•Paperboard coating

•Wire insulation

Acrylic:

•Acrylic possess moderate strength, good optical properties, and water resistance.

•There are transparent but can made be solid and generally are resistant to chemicals and have good electrical resistance.

•Typical applications include lenses, lighted signs, displays, window glazing, automotive lenses, lighting fixtures and furniture.

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS):

•ABS is dimensionally stable and rigid and has good resistance to impact, abrasion, chemicals and electricity, strength and toughness, and low temperature properties.

•Typical applications include pipes, fitting, chrome-plated plumbing supplies, helmets, tool handles, telephone, housing appliances and decorative panels.

Cellulosics:

•Cellulosics have a wide range of mechanical properties, depending on their composition.

•They can be made rigid, strong, and tough.

•Typical applications include tool handles, pens, knobs, frames for eyeglasses, safety goggles, helmets, tubing and pipes, lighting fixtures, toy and decorative part.

Fluorocarbons:  (common trade name: teflon)

•Fluorocarbons possess good resistance to temperature, chemicals, weather and electricity, they also have unique nonadhesive properties and low friction.

•Typical applications include linings for chemical- processing equipment, nonstick coating for cookware, electrical insulation for high-temperature wire and cable and bearing.

Nylons

•Nylons have good mechanical properties and abrasion resistance.

•All nylons are hygroscopic (they absorb water).

•Moisture absorption reduces mechanical properties and increases part dimensions.

•Typical applications include gears, bearing, electrical part and wear resistant surfaces.

Polycarbonates

•Polycarbonates  are versatile and have good mechanical and electrical properties; they also have high impact resistance and can be made resistant to chemical.

•Typical applications include safety helmets, optical lenses, bottles, food processing equipment, medical instruments.

Polyesters

•Polyesters have good mechanical, electrical, chemical properties, good abrasion resistance, and low friction.

•Typical applications include gears, pump and electromechanical components.

Polyethylene.

•Polyethelenes posses good electrical and chemical properties.

•Their mechanical properties depend on their composition and structure.

•There are three major classes of polyethylene:

-Low Density  Polyethylene (LDPE)

-High Density Polyethylene  (HDPE)

-Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)

Polyethylene.

•Typical application for LDPE & HDPE include housewares, bottles, garbage cans, ducts, luggage, toys, tubing, bottle and packaging material.

•UHMWPE is used in parts requiring high impact toughness and abrasive wear resistance, example include artificial knee and hip joints.

Polypropylenes (PP)

•Polypropylenes have good mechanical, electrical and chemical properties and good resistance to tearing.

•The various forms of polypropylene have different melting points and hardnesses. 

•Typical applications include automotive trim and components, medical devices, wire insulation, TV cabinets, pipes, fittings, drinking cups, dairy-product and juice containers and luggage.

Polystyrenes

•Polystyrenes are inexpensive, have generally average properties and are breakable

•Typical applications include disposable containers, packaging, foam insulation, radio, and TV components, housewares and toys.

Polysulfones

•Polysulfones have excellent resistance to heat, water and steam and are highly resistant to some chemicals, but are attacked by organic solvents.

•Typical applications include steam irons, coffeemakers, hot-water containers, medical equipment that requires sterilization, power-tool and electrical insulators.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

•PVC has wide range of properties, is inexpensive and water resistant, and can be made rigid or flexible.

•It is not suitable application that require strength and heat resistance.

•Rigid PVC is tough and hard and is used for signs and in the construction industry such as for pipes.

•Flexible PVC is used in wire and cable coatings, low-pressure flexible tubing and hose, footwear, upholstery, records, film sheet and coating.