FERROUS METAL

Mild steel

-Also called low-carbon or soft-cast steel is the common type of steel used in construction.
-Carbon 0.1 - 0.3% and Iron 99.9.

Mild Steel Properties

- Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon; mild steel contains only a tiny proportion of carbon ( less than 0.25 percent), but can have other metals added, to create high-strength low alloy steel (HSLA)- copper, for example, improves corrosion resistance, nickel surface quality and nitrogen strength and weldability.
- Mild steel is annealed ( heated red- hot then cooled slowly) to improve workability and reduce its brittleness.
- Mild steel can also be galvanized with zinc for a waterproof finish.
- It can be welded, cut, rolled, folded or bent into shape and maintains stability.
- Mild steel does not promote fire spread, but structural steel should be encased or painted with flame proof paint.
- It has high strength in tension and compression, and retains impact resistance at low temperature.

Mild Steel Use and Maintenance

- Due to superior strength and weldability, mild steel is mainly used for structural elements such as trusses, beams, lintels and posts.
- Specialized items can be fabricated.
- Perforated or sheets are available for screen or panels and tubes can be used for table legs.
- Galvanized steel is used for outdoor furniture, planters and watering cans.
- Cor-ten is often chosen for sculptures because of its attractive color.

Stainless Steel

Properties

- Stainless steel are a group of alloy steels that contain iron, les than 1% carbon, 10% chromium or more and other alloys.
- Stainless steel is resistant to water and atmospheric corrosion.
- Certain grades even resist acids and chlorine.
- It has high strength in tension and compression, and is heat – and fire- resistant.
- It is also impact-resistant, even at low temperatures.

- Its strength allows it to be used in reduced thicknesses, making it very efficient in terms of the amount required.
- It can be welded, cut, rolled, folded and bend into shapes (using specialized equipment) and will maintain stability.
- Stainless steel is an integral material, so requires no sealant or added surface protection.

Use and Maintenance 

- Stainless steel does not deteriorate and requires no sealant or applied surface finish.
- Its regular, brushed look has a high-tech, modern feel.
- Its smooth surface is easy to wipe clean and perfect for areas requiring a high level of hygiene.
- It is used for indoor and outdoor products, including outdoor furniture, exterior light fixtures, household appliances and ironwork.

- Sheet can be used as backsplashes or formed into countertops integral sinks, nosing and moldings.
- Sheets can also be used as paneling or to line wet areas, and as structural or decorative elements in garden design.

Carbon Steel

Properties 

- Carbon steels have low, medium or high carbon content, ranging from approximately 0.2-2%.
- Higher carbon content produces a harder, less ductile and more brittle material.
- Mild steel (plain carbon steel) is a term that covers a range of carbon steels Up to 0.25% carbon content.
- They are distinguished by ease of solid state forming and welding.

- Carbon steels are prone to oxidization and corrosion, so are protected with a coating in some form.
- Low carbon steels are relatively ductile, malleable and easy to shape.
- In contrast, high carbon steels are hard and as a consequence they are both resistant to abrasion and more brittle.

Use /Application 

- Low carbon steel is used a great deal in construction, automotive metalwork and mill products such as sheet, strip, beams and sections.
- Medium carbon steel is used for crankshafts,chassis,springs, forging and pressure vessels.
- High carbon steel is used for springs, high strength wire and low cost cutting tools.


Low alloy Steel

Properties 

- Low alloy steels are made up of iron, carbon and up to approximately 10% of other metals, such as nickel and chromium. The additional alloys are used to improve certain properties of the steel such as resistance to corrosion, formability and toughness

Use /Application
- Low alloy steels are also used in construction.
- The alloys in this particular grade of steel eliminate the need for protective coatings. The material develops a protective oxidized layer that prevents further corrosion of the metal

Tool Steel

Properties 

- Tool steels are so called because they are used for cutting tools and dies.
- The carbon and alloy content make them hard, tough and resistant to abrasion even at high temperatures.
- Specific examples include high-speed steel (HSS) and mold steels.
- Steels with carbon content between approximately 0.3-0.7% are suitable for hardening by heat treatment.

- This is the process of heating up the steel and cooling it at different rates to form different microstructures.
- Normalized steel is heated to between 800°C and 900'C (1472-1652°F) and then slowly cooled, which allows the microstructure to develop into a strong formation.
- Quenched steel is cooled very rapidly in cold water and so is very hard and very brittle.
- Tempered steel is quenched and then heated up to 2000C (392°F) for an hour before cooling, which allows the carbon particles to diffuse and develop the steel's toughness and ductility.

Use /Application

- Tool steels are typically used in tools such as screwdrivers, hammers, and cutting tips and saw blades.
- They are also used to make dies for melt processing plastics and some metals.

Cast Iron

Properties 

- Cast iron is made up of iron, carbon and small amounts of silicon.  

- There are different types, including grey, white, ductile and malleable. 

- They are differentiated by the formation of carbon in the iron matrix and alloying elements.

- Generally, cast iron has good dampening properties and machinability, is resistant to fatigue and corrosion and is difficult to weld due to the high carbon content.

 
Wrought Iron 

- Iron made malleable by the heat of a fire, then hammered and wrought (bent) into shape is often seen in decorative fences and gates, especially on buildings dating back to the end of the 19th century.
- Almost 100% iron

Properties

-Wrought iron is a mixture of near-pure iron with up to 5 percent noncorrodible glass slags. -These form linear fibers in the metal, making it workable under high heat.  
-It is not suitable for machining and is forged or handworked with hammer and anvil by a blacksmith.
-Wrought iron is not brittle, seldom breaks and is strong in tension and compression ( stronger than cast iron, which is shaped by being melted into a mold)  
-Being handcrafted, it is expensive, but it is extremely long-lasting.

Wrought Iron Use and Maintenance

- Decorative finishing, accessories and security gates. It is perfect for outdoor furniture, and popular indoors chair, beds and door hardware


Copper


Properties
-This material has high capacity for conducting heat and electricity.  
-Its resists atmospheric corrosion ( but will dissolve in nitric acid) and is nontoxic, malleable and easy to use.  
-Copper will maintain stability when rolled, folded or bent into shapes, which is easily achieved with specialized equipment.

- It can be chemically treated to create a variety of finishes, such as bright or deep green or brown, or mottled or textured effects.
- Because of its softness, copper is not suitable as a structural material.  
- It can be combined with numerous metals form alloys and does not burn or support combustion.

Use and Maintenance
-Copper pipes are extensively used in water and gas plumbing, and copper wiring in electric and electronic installations.  
-As sheeting, copper is used for roofs-both for its functional weatherproofing quality and as a finishing material to highlight its natural beauty.  
-It features in interior and exterior furniture, light fixtures, ironwork and ornamental crafts.
-It can also be used indoors in areas subject to heat, such as kitchen or fireplace hoods, counters and backsplashes, cookware and cutlery.  
-It is suitable for wet applications too, including bathtubs, shower trays and basins, but use a sealant if you want to avoid tarnishing the pinkish red finish.
-It can be textured for a hammered or dimpled finish.

METAL

WHAT IS METAL???
•A metal is a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat and forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals.
•In chemistry, a metal is an element, compound , or alloy characterized by high electrical conductivity. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations). Those ions are surrounded by delocalized electrons, which are responsible for the conductivity. The solid thus produced is held by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud, which are called metallic bonds

From Wikipedia

•PROPERTIES OF METALS

Mechanical Properties
•Metals exhibit elastic as well as plastic behavior, both of which are necessary for the forming process.

ELASTICITY
•Describe the recovery of material back to its original shape and size after being deformed, when a stress is removed.


TENSILE STRENGTH

 Is the maximum tensile (pulling apart) load that a material can withstand prior to fracture

HARDNESS
•Is the ability of a material to withstand penetration and scratching. Hardness and brittleness are related.

BENDING

 Is characterized by the outside fibers of a beam in tension and the inside fibers in compression

Physical Properties

OPACITY/ TRANSPARENCY
•Is the ability to transmit light 

MELTING POINT
•Is the energy required to separate a material’s atom, changing its state from solid to liquid.


2 types of metal

1. ferrous metal - metals that contain ion
2. non-ferrous metal - metals that do not contain ion

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Specialty glass types

Low-Iron Glass

• low iron glass is manufactured for exceptional clarity . The characteristic greenish tint commonly seen on the edge of standard glass in eliminated by the reduction of the content of the glass to 10 percent.
• low iron glass can be heat-strengthened, tempered, sandblasted, etched or assembled into laminated glass.
•Low iron glass is used in area where color rendition is critical and for furniture , mirrors, museum display cases, signage and where glass to be back-coated with light-colored pigments.

Textured Glass
•Textured pattern glass also known as rolled or figured glass.it is made by passing molted glass through rollers that are etched to produced the design.
•Usually only one side of the glass is imprinted with a pattern.
•Pattern glass can be silvered, sandblasted or have applied colored coatings.


Formed glass

Cast glass
•Cast glass is made by heating flat glass to high temperature over a custom mold so that it slumps into the mold and takes on its shape.
•Cast glass also known as molded glass, is formed in molds, using combination of colors and textured to form the desired product. 






Fused glass
•Multiple-layer glass units are formed by fusing compatible glass together under controlled heating.
•Various glass colors, textures and compatible three dimensional material such as wire, s/steel and cooper screen can be incorporated into the fused unit.
•Fused glass is typically used for furniture and decorative accents, glass borders, panels and other interior elements.








Slumped glass
•Glass slumping is bending or slumping glass into or over a mold. To achieve this, you must take your glass through a few heating and cooling phases.
•slumped glass is typically used for wall panels and signage.





Bent glass
• a precise, strict tolerance form of slumped glass is known as bent glass.
•Bent glass is typically used for wall panels and furniture

GLASS

What is Glass?

• Glass is a hard material normally fragile and transparent common in our daily life. It is composed mainly of sand (silicates, SiO2) and an alkali.
• These materials at high temperature (i.e. molten viscous state) fuse together; then they are cooled rapidly forming a rigid structure.
• Glass is used for architecture application, illumination, electrical transmission, instruments for scientific research, optical instruments, domestic tools and even textiles.

Characteristic of glass 
 
• Solid and hard material
• Disordered and amorphous structure
• Fragile and easily breakable into sharp pieces
• Transparent to visible light
• Inert and biologically inactive material.
• Glass is 100% recyclable and one of the safest packaging materials due to its composition and properties


Float glass

• Float glass is produced by floating a continuous stream of molten glass onto a bath of molten tin. The molten glass spreads onto the surface of the metal and produces a high quality, consistently level sheet of glass that is later heat polished.
• The glass has no wave or distortion and is now the standard method for glass production and over 90% of the world production of flat glass is float glass.
• Float glass can be cut using a glass cutter and no special equipment is necessary.
• Float glass is suitable for fixed and opening windows above waist height.




Strengthened glass

Fully Tempered Glass  

• Fully tempered glass is produced by heating float glass and then suddenly cooling it with special blower. 
• Tempered glass is four to five times stronger than standard glass and does not break into sharp shards when it fails.  
• Cutting and drilling fully tempered glass will destroy the integrity of the skin’s compressive strength and will likely cause breakage, therefore fully tempered glass cannot be field-cut. 
• Fully tempered glass must be fabricated with the required holes or cutouts. It is available in thicknesses from 3 to 25mm.

Heat - Strengthened glass  

• Heat Strengthened glass manufacturing process is similar to that of fully tempered except that the glass is on partially tempered. 
• Heat Strengthened glass is not a fire-rated glass product.  
• The color, clarity, chemical composition and light transmission characteristics of glass remain unchanged after heat strengthening. 
• Heat Strengthened glass tends to break into large fragments, similar to annealed glass. 
• Heat Strengthened glass can not be used in hazardous locations as defined by law or building code, or where human impact is a concern. 
• Heat strengthened glass can not be cut or drilled, sandblasted or etched, or edge polished or ground. Any fabrication or field alteration will weaken or break the glass. 
• When tempered glass breaks, the resulting small pieces tend to vacate the framing system under lateral load.

Laminated glass

• Laminated glass consists of two or more pieces of float glass bonded together with a clear layer of PVB (polyvinyl butyral). 
• The process combines heat and pressure to bond the layers together into one. 
• This product is favored for protection in high security areas for its retention in the frame when broken and for its sound reduction quality when combined with different thickness of glass. 
• When subjected to stress, laminated glass ruptures with a pattern similar to annealed glass with large shards, however the PVB inner layer holds the shards together. 
• Annealed, fully tempered, heat-strengthened and wire glass types can be laminated.

Advantages Laminated glass
• Security
The standard two-ply construction provides resistance to penetration when subjected to attempted force entry. In multi-ply configurations, laminated glass can even resist bullets, heavy objects, or small explosions.

• Sound Control
The shear damping performance of the PVB makes laminated glass an effective sound control product.

• Solar Energy Performance
The PVB in laminated glass helps reduce solar energy transmittance to reduce cooling loads

• Ultraviolet Screening
The ultraviolet (UV) filtering performance of the plastic interlayer helps protect valuable furnishings, displays or merchandise from the fading effects of UV radiation.

Wire Glass

• Wire glass has wire mesh or parallel wires rolled into the center of the glass sheet, it s available in various pattern sizes such as clear wire square mesh, clear wire diamond mesh and hammered wire diamond mesh.
• If breakage occurs, the wire helps to hold the glass fragments in the opening, thus preventing personal injuries.
• This the standard glass type used for fire-rated doors or partition assemblies.

Tinted glass

• Tinted glass refers to any glass that has been treated with a material such as a film or coating, which reduces the transmission of light through it.
• The tint in the standard production of float glass adds glare reduction and a heat reducing feature to the window.
• The standard tints available are green/blue, gray and bronze.
• Most laminated glass such as heated glass and fire-rated glass is available in a larger selection of tints.
• This glass type offers the maximum UV protection.


Low-Emissivity Glass

• Emissivity refers to the ability of a surface to absorb or reflect heat. An energy efficient glazing technology, Low Emissivity glass is a poor absorber of heat. 
• Low-emissivity glass (Low-E) was developed to address energy efficiency concerns for glazing. 
• Hard or soft coating are applied to the glass based on application type. 
• Low-E coatings provide more reflectivity for the shortwave solar energy that strikes the glass at a high angle of incidence during the summer , while permitting this warmth to enter during the winter when the angle of incidence is lower.  
• Low-E coatings are applied to side 2 on the first pane of glass in a double-glazed unit. The overall light transmission rate is higher than in tinted and reflective glass type 

clear glas

Low-E

What is Fiberglass?

Fiberglass, (also called fibreglass and glass fibre), is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass.Fiberglass is lightweight, corrosion resistant, economical, easily processed, has good mechanical properties, and has over 50 years of history. It is the dominant material in industries such as boat building and corrosion equipment, and it plays a major role in industries such as architectural, automotive, medical, recreational, and industrial equipment.


properties of fiberglass

• lightweight 
• corrosion resistant 
• economical
• easily processed
• has good mechanical properties

advantages of fiber glass

• corrosion resistant
• low volume production
• very large parts, contoured or rounded parts and parts needing high specific strength  

Types of metal composite

• Aluminum Matrix
• Copper Matrix
• Magnesium Matrix
• Titanium Matrix
• Super Alloy Matrix

advantages of metal composite material compared to monolithic metals

• Higher temperature capability
• Higher electrical and thermal conductivities
• Better fire resistance
• Better radiation resistance
• Higher traverse stiffness and strength